Water Treatment Encyclopedia

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Activated Carbon Filters

Filtration Theory:For thousands of years filtration has been used to reduce the level of dirt, rust, suspended matter and other impurities from water. This is achieved by passing the dirty input water (influent) through a filter media. As t...

Arsenic Removal System

Arsenic in Water: Arsenic is found in the environment as oxides, with two different oxidation states: trivalent arsenic oxide, As4O6, and pentavalent arsenic oxide, As4O10. Both oxides are acidic, when hydrolyzed they form oxo-acidic compou...


Diffusion Sparging Systems

A typical Fine Diffuser System Layout Aeration systems for conventional wastewater activated sludge plants typically account for 45 to 60% of a treatment facility’s total energy use. The ability to define what improvements will be most co...

Gravity Clarifiers

Sedimentation is the Unit operation in which the suspended solids in the water are settled with help of gravitational forces. The settled solids are scraped, collected &  pushed out of the unit. The unit is called Gravity Clarifier. Ba...


Potable Water Treatment System

The modern potable water systems are very sophisticated. They typically consist of Series of Filters, Reverse Osmosis system, (optional) Remineralization unit & Disinfection Unit like UV and/or Ozone dosing system. A following scheme is...

Produced Water Treatment Package

The objectives of oil and gas produced water treatment include meeting discharge regulations, reusing treated produced water in oil and gas operations, developing agricultural water uses, aquifer restoration, cattle and animal drinking wate...


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